The Standard & Poor’s 500 Index Closed Above 5,800 for the First Time
There was a lot to celebrate last week!
The Standard & Poor’s 500 Index closed above 5,800 for the first time—and that’s not all.1
The Dow Jones Industrial Average also notched a record high last week—and all three major U.S. stock indices ended the first full week of October with gains of more than one percent.1
There was good economic news, too.
- Inflation continued to slow in September. The Consumer Price Index showed headline inflation was 2.4 percent annualized—the smallest annual increase since February 2021.2
- Consumers are feeling better than they did a year ago. “[Consumer sentiment] is currently 8 [percent] stronger than a year ago and almost 40 [percent] above the trough reached in June 2022,” reported University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers Director Joanne Hsu.3
- The economy continues to grow. After inflation, the U.S. economy grew by 3 percent in the second quarter of 2024.4 Forecasts project that economic growth in the third quarter will be 3.2 percent.5
- Wages have grown faster than inflation. In September 2024, average hourly earnings were up 4 percent. After inflation, they were up 1.5 percent.6 Of course, that’s a broad reading for the entire country and may not reflect individual experience.
“By just about every measure, the U.S. economy is in good shape. Growth is strong. Unemployment is low. Inflation is back down. More important, many Americans are getting sizable pay raises, and middle-class wealth has surged to record levels. We are living through one of the best economic years of many people’s lifetimes…The United States has nearly 7 million more jobs than it did before the pandemic, and the largest share of 25- to 54-year-olds working since 2001,” reported Heather Long of The Washington Post.7
It's remarkable that many Americans still don’t recognize the strength of the economy. Last week, a Harvard Caps/Harris Poll found that, “63 [percent] of voters believe the U.S. economy is on the wrong track and 62 [percent] characterize it as weak, consistent with perceptions over the past year.”8
Last week, major U.S. stock indexes finished higher.1 U.S. bonds appeared to be headed for a fourth-straight week of declines with the yield on a 10-year note above 4 percent again.9,10
IT’S POLICY THAT AFFECTS STOCK MARKETS, NOT POLITICS. Although presidential elections can affect financial markets over the short term, it is the policies a new President introduces that influence economic growth and the stock market. Sometimes, policies lift the economy. Other times, they don’t. For example:
President Thomas Jefferson embargoed all trade with England and France, preventing U.S. ships from doing business with other countries. While he had sound reasons for pursuing the policy, “It decimated the economy…As many as half of the working men in the New England coastal communities were unemployed. Poor houses were overflowed, banks failed," reported WBUR.11
The embargo was not popular. Eventually, American merchants found loopholes that allowed them to trade with Canada and Spanish Florida. Smuggling also increased.12
President Abraham Lincoln had a profound impact on the United States economy. He led the country through the Civil War, and signed the Emancipation Proclamation, which led to the end of slavery and necessitated the adoption of new economic models.13
Research from the University of Chicago suggests that “emancipation generated aggregate economic gains for the U.S. economy that were worth between 4 and 35 percent of U.S. GDP, making it, even at the low end of their estimation, one of the most important economic events in U.S. history—bigger than the introduction of railroads, by some estimates, and worth 7 to 60 years of technological innovation in the latter half of the 19th century.”13
President Jimmy Carter faced an embargo—the Arab oil embargo of 1973. Demand for gasoline far outstripped supply in the United States, and Americans waited in long lines to fill their cars’ gas tanks.14 In response, the President developed energy conservation strategies.
“President Carter signed energy legislation that created the U.S. Department of Energy, provided incentives for renewables and coal, deregulated oil and natural gas prices, and banned new power plants from using gas or oil. Some of these policies have had a lasting effect. Others drew criticism and were ultimately repealed,” stated historian Jay Hakes on a Center for Global Energy Policy podcast at Columbia University.15
While there are usually differences of opinion when new policies are implemented, the economic outcome is sometimes difficult to predict.
Weekly Focus—Think About It
“History is a jangle of accidents, blunders, surprises and absurdities, and so is our knowledge of it, but if we are to report it at all we must impose some order upon it.16
—Henry Steele Commager, historian